About Us Entries Affiliates
Is the person's,
ORAL temperature° .
related to the
AXILLARY temperature° ?
→ Literature Review @ NR0902_Subgroup02

Patient’s temperature is an essential and a vital piece of data in the clinical setting. Regular temperature checking is an integral part of patient care as it influences diagnosing the patient and subsequent care management.
A group of healthcare worker from Pakistan have made an approach to collaborate to determine the range of normal body temperature in general population of Pakistan.  The objective of this research is to analyze and determine if the age, sex and physical condition will influence the normal range of the body’s temperature. Furthermore, it is also to evaluate how much axillary temperature differs from the oral temperature measurement.
The main aim of this study was to determine the range for normal body temperature in healthy subjects and to verify that no single cut off temperature can be ascertained to separate normal temperature from fever.
The study was carried out among 200 subjects including equal number of males and females that were selected by stratified sampling method. The studies have shown that there is a wide variation in the difference of between oral and axillary temperature, with axillary temperature which is much lower than oral temperature. The studies have also shown that there is no significant difference in the axillary temperature in the right and left axilla.
In conclusion, the studies have shown that there is a range for normal body temperature and the studies have shown that women tend to have higher temperature than men. As the correlation between oral and axillary temperature differs at higher and lower oral temperatures and the difference between the two increases with increasing oral temperatures, it is therefore impossible to obtain an accurate correction factor.



Reference:

Mehreen A. Rabia. H. Fatima N. Syed. F.M. Anwar N. Adib-ul-Hasan R.(2008)
Range for Normal Body Temperature in the General Population of Pakistan [on-line serial] ,580-584  Available: http://jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/1521.pdf (26/January/2011)

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→ Methodology @ NR0902_Subgroup02

  
Criteria
·         Air conditional room( lecture room)
·         Age of the participants (18 – 24)
·         Right sublingual (under the tongue)
·         Right axillar
·         Sitting Position
·         No cardigan, sweater or jacket on
·         Brand new thermometer
·         Same duration time (1500hrs – 1600hrs)
·         Ensure the participants have not taken any cold/hot/food/exercise for at least ½ an hour before taking the temperature
·         Participants must not be sick

For hygiene purposes, after each used we will change a new thermometer sheath and use alcohol swab to disinfect the thermometer.  


How was the data collection done?
Pilot test:

We’ve done a pilot test on our own.
We’ve pour three different temperature of lukewarm water in respectively containers.
Submerge the thermometers into the lukewarm water respectively, which showed at 33.8°C, 37.1°C and 38.1°C respectively.
We use same brand and model new thermometer to do the test.

Give clear instructions to the respondents.
We also ask if they have taken any cold/hot drink /food/ done exercise before taking their temperature.
Ensure they are not sick and fall at the category of 18 to 24 of age.
Venue: LTJ-2
Time: 3pm to 4pm

How did you gather the samples?
Our group used Simple Random Sample to gather all the data. Respondent of age is from 18 to 24.
We asked the respondents for permission using verbal consent, to ensure that they are voluntary in the research. We also ensure that the respondent fulfill our criteria before we gather the sample.
We gathered the respondents in the lecture room for 30minutes, after which we measure their body temperature by using thermometer. We measured the body site of their right axillary and right sublingual.
We ensure that all respondents are sitting at a comfortable chair with a relax mind
Educate the respondents to place at 45° at the right sublingual of the mouth and wait for the beeping sound. Do not talk, chew or move the mouth and wait patiently for the beeping sound, as it may affect the reading
Educate the respondents to place thermometer at the right axlliary and ‘close up’ using the arm against the body and patiently wait for the beeping sound. To not move the arm unnecessarily as it may affect the reading.
For hygiene purposes, after each used we will change a new thermometer sheath and use alcohol swab to disinfect the thermometer. 

What did you use to measure?
Thermometer.

How often- once or average of three?
We measure once for all the respondents as they fulfill our criteria.

Any rejection?
None 

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→ Statistical Tests @ NR0902_Subgroup02

Upon colleting the data, we were told to choose a statistical test so that will facilitate us in plotting of the data. Our research question is to obtain whether if there is relationship between person’s oral temperature and axilla temperature. We need to consider some factors like choosing the correct type of data such as nominal, ordinal or scale.

Next, we intend to measure the central tendency. The 3 types of central tendency is mode, median and mean. Before choosing whether to take mean or median as the typical variables, we had to look at the graph whether it is normally distributed or skewed.

In order to describe correlation, direction and strength needs to be considered. Direction is categorising as positive and negative correlation. For positive correlation, it was mention that as one variable increases, the corresponding score on the other variables increases and vice versa. Whereas, for negative correlation, as the score of variables decrease, the corresponding score on the other variables decrease. The strength determines the relationship between variables and range from 0 to 1.

After much consideration, we have decided to use Pearson’s R for our topic as our data is measured in scale and the topic we are doing is asking for relationship between the 2 variables.

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→ Data Collection @ NR0902_Subgroup02

Data View


Variable View


Age: Respondent's age from 18-24 years old
Sex: Sex of Respondent
Oral: Respondent's oral temperature
Axilla: Respondent's axilla temperature

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→ Statistical Analysis and Results @ NR0902_Subgroup02

We have the average temperature for the axillary one just in case you want to check.1.021>2 x0.403,so skewness> 2 x std. error, so we use the median. it is 36.30. We also have the average temperature for oral one. 0.627<2x0.403, so skewness<2 x std. error, so we use the mean which is 36.4941.




p=0.0001<a,so we reject the null hypothesis. N=34, r=0.674(0.6-08=strong relationship). So there is a positive, strong relationship between person's oral temperature and axillary temperature




P<a N=14 r=0.681, (0.6-0.8=strong relationship). So there is a positive, strong relationship between person’s oral temperature and axillary temperature for male
P<a N=20 r=0.660, (0.6-0.8=strong relationship). So there is a positive, strong relationship between person’s oral temperature and axillary temperature for female

Oral temperature=0.679*axilla temperature+11.906

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→ Reflection @ NR0902_Subgroup02

When were first introduced to this module, we had difficulty managing it as we have not been exposed to any of this module before and it was a surprise for us as the mode of assessment for this module requires us to gather and analysing it. Despite gathering and analysing the data, we had to create a blog and the data collected need to be updated in the blog.

Choosing which topic to start with was not an easy decision as some of us had different view about each given topic. After reviewing each of the group member ideas about all the topics given, we came to a conclusion to choose the topic on if person’s oral temperature is related to axilla temperature
We divided the workload accordingly by getting the entire group members involved in this project. We ensure that the entire group were given an opportunity to contribute his or her ideas toward this project by getting the data collected and also by reading up the different statistical test that was required by this project. We had difficulty in entering the data that have been collected in the SPSS program as we were not certain about how the program works and it seems to be very tedious work when entering the data. The textbook we had purchase for this module seems to be very useful as it serve as a guide and we regularly referred to the book if problem arise. However, with the help of entire group members, we were able to overcome the obstacle faced. It was a pleasant experience working with the entire members as we motivate each other when difficulty takes place.

Lastly, we would like to thank one another for their hard work; commitment and the effort in making this project. It is a pleasant and wonderful experience working with all of us.  The experience that we have gained in this project is very useful and hoping that the knowledge that have been imparted to all of us will be beneficial for our future career as a nurse.

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